Physiological stress response of Macrobrachium vollenhoevenii (Herklots 1857) to interacting effects of binary mixtures of industrial effluents

The toxicities of effluents from paint and textile industrial establishments in Lagos State, Nigeria and their binary mixtures based on predetermined (1:1) and equitoxic (4:3) ratios were evaluated against the juvenile stage of prawn, Macrobrachium vollenhoevenii in laboratory bioassays. On the basis of derived toxicity indices, the paint effluent with 96 h LC50= 54.73 ml/L was found to be 1.33 times less toxic than the textile effluent (96 h LC50= 40.99 ml/L) when acting alone against M. vollenhoevenii. In the joint toxicity tests, the binary mixtures in a predetermined ratio (1:1) with 96 h LC50= 49.45 ml/L was 1.16 times more toxic than the equitoxic mixtures (4:3) with 96 h LC50= 57.7 ml/L. The interactions between binary mixtures showed significant departures from the action of individual constituent effluent when acting singly, and depended largely upon the proportions of additions of the mixture components. On the basis of synergistic (Synergistic Ratio, SR) and concentration-addition models (Relative Toxicity Unit, RTU), the relationship between binary mixtures (1:1) of paint and textile effluents against M. vollenhoevenii were in conformity with models of synergism and antagonism (SR= 1.11, 0.83; RTU=0.97) while equitoxic mixtures (4:3) conformed to antagonism (S.R =0.94, 0.71, RTU =0.84) model. Furthermore, the isobologram model showed that both binary mixtures conformed to sub-additiveaction. Symptoms of toxicosis observed in the test organisms include loss of equilibrium, agitated swimming, spiral movement, followed by weakness, periods of quiescence and death. It is concludedthat the incorporation of joint action toxicity evaluation with bio-monitoring tools are clearly relevant in setting effective and realistic environmentally safe limits of pollutants or verifying ecologicalsignificance of existing water criteria meant to protect aquatic biota

Cast net design characteristics, catch composition and selectivity in tropical open lagoon

Cast net design characteristics, construction, operational techniques and selectivity in Lagos lagoon, Nigeria was examined between September and December 2005. Netting materials for cast netconstruction in Lagos lagoon were monofilament nylon, poly-ethylene (PE) and polyester (PES). The conventional ratio 1:2 of the number of meshes in the length of the apical panel to the second was notadopted by the fishermen. The cast net length was 1.77 m and net mouth area was 4.99 m2. Twenty-one fish species belonging to 19 families were caught during the study period. Sarotherodon melanotheron was numerically most abundant in Lagos lagoon. Numerically, more fish specimens were caught at night than daytime. The higher the effort (throw) the more the cast net catches. The condition factor (K) of fishes in the lagoon ranged between 0.27 and 3.0. The crustacean had the overall highest condition factor. A total of 1,501 specimens (30 kg) at N 4, 500 (USD 32.14) were caught for 11 trips (247 casts) for 38.7 h. The Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) (number of catch per cast) ranged between 0 and 6; the average number of cast per hour was 6. Cast net was not species specific. The smallest fish (S. melanotheron) had a burst speed of 51 cm per second while the largest (L. falcipinnis) had a maximum burst speed of 262 cm per second. Cast net was selective for shallow water species. Cast nets durability ranged from 3 months to 3 years depending on the netting material and the environment where it is operated

Spatial distribution of saline water and possible sources of intrusion into a tropical freshwater lagoon and the transitional effects on the lacustrine ichthyofaunal diversity

The spatial distribution of saline water and possible sources of intrusion into Lekki lagoon and transitional effects on the lacustrine ichthyofaunal characteristics were studied during March, 2006 and February, 2008. The water quality analysis indicated that, salinity has drastically increased recently in the lagoon (0.007 to 4.70%). This study has identified three possible sources for saline water intrusion, beyond the seasonal input from the two adjacent lagoons (Lagos and Mahin), salt water intrusion by subsurface flow through the barrier beach from the ocean, and leaching of ions through lagoon bottom sediments. Eighty one fish species belonging to 40 families, 56 genera and 14 orders encountered were mostly freshwater, euryhaline and marine species adapted to life in the lagoon. The shell fish included the freshwater prawns Macrobrachium spp and the portunid crab Callinectes amnicola. This high number of fish species recorded from Lekki Lagoon in this study has confirmed the fact that this lagoon is a transition area between brackish water (Lagos Lagoon and Mahin Creek) and freshwater (Rivers Saga and Oshun).Key words: Spatial distribution, saline water, lacustrine, ichthyofaunal, diversity

An evaluation of Iken fishing strategy in tropical Lekki lagoon, Nigeria

This paper presents the results of the investigations of the fish aggregating device which served as fisheries enhancement techniques for the improvement of the productivity of the Lekki Lagoon between March 2006 and February 2008. The performance of the floating Island (Iken fishery) depends on the size and the thickness. Chrysichythys nigrodigitatus contributed 25.51, 23.42 and 25.19% of the total weight of fish from floating Island with water hyacinth, Vossia sp and Cyperus sp dominant plant respectively. Tilapia guineensis contributed 17.0, 21.55 and 23.18% for water hyacinth, Vossia sp and Cyperus sp as dominant plant respectively. The fishing with acoustic yielded the highest catch by weight (47.22%) followed by fishing without acoustics (33.33%) with the least recorded in the open lagoon (19.44%). Management measures to maintain optimal production from Iken fishery should include the use of luxuriant water hyacinth which will reduce deforestation and erosion of the mangrove belt. The community managed resource enhancement should evolve from the existing traditional practices to meet both economic and social objectives as a major management strategy.Key words: Fish shelter, fish aggregating devices, Iken fishery

Basal metabolic regulatory responses and rhythmic activity of mammalian heart to aqueous kola nut extracts

Preliminary investigation on the effect of aqueous extracts of three species of kola nut; Cola acuminata (P. Beav), C. nitida subsp. rubra and C. nitida subsp. alba (Vent), on the rhythmic activity of mammalian heart and metabolic rate was carried out using male albino rats, Rattus sp. Low concentrations of kola nut extract stimulated the heart by increasing rate and force of contraction as well as metabolic rate. Higher concentrations reduced rate and amplitude of beat resulting, at still higher concentrations in heart failure.Keywords: Kolanut, extract, basal metabolic rate, mammalian hear

Micronucleus Assay and Heavy Metals Characterization of E-waste Dumpsites in Lagos and Osun States, Southwest Nigeria

The contamination of the aquatic ecosystem with heavy metals arising from the discharge of electronic waste (e-waste) or seepage of leachate from open waste dumpsites is on the increase. The impact of e-waste leachate on the micronucleus (MN) of Tilapia guineensis and the levels of heavy metals ( Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Al and Ba) in the sediments, water, leachate and aquatic fauna (Tilapia guineensis, Callinectes amnicola and Cardiosoma armatum) found in and around e-waste dumpsites in Lagos and Osun States was studied. The levels of heavy metals were determined using PyeUnicam model 969 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Inductive Coupling Plasma Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (ICP-AAS).The heavy metal concentrations decreased in the order: Pb ˃ Cd ˃ Cr ˃ Hg ˃ Al ˃Ba ˃As in the samples. The level of Cd in fish muscle from Lagos (1.4mg/kg) exceeded the Environment Canada threshold effect level (EC TEL, 2006) recommended for sea food (1.0mg/kg). The calculated bioconcentration factor (BCF) for fish gills (1.4 and1.0) and fish muscles. (3.6 and 1.2) from Lagos and Osun States respectively as well as the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for crabs (1.78 and 1.36) are strong indications of the ability of the organisms to bioaccumulate the heavy metals. The MN assay showed an initial increase in the frequency of mionccronuclei on the 7th day which gradually decreased on the 14th and 21st day. The result of this study reveals the toxic impacts of e-waste contamination on ecological and human health in a developing economy

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden